what were the effects of the crusades

In, Nicholson, Helen (2006). He encouraged military support for Byzantine emperor AlexiosI against the Seljuk Turks and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. [56], Beginning in 1110, the Seljuks launched a series of attacks on the Crusader states, in particular Edessa, led by Mawdud. In 1251, the Shepherds' Crusade, a popular crusade formed in 1251, with the objective to free Louis, engulfed France. John of Brienne argued against the move, but was powerless to stop it. The resulting Wendish Crusade of 1147 was partially successful but failed to convert the pagans to Christianity. [173] William of Villehardouin also arrived with ships and Frankish soldiers from the Morea. [207] Innocent III declared the first political crusade against Frederick II's regent, Markward von Annweiler, and when Frederick later threatened Rome in 1240, Gregory IX used crusading terminology to raise support against him. [204] The historian Norman Housley notes the connection between heterodoxy and anti-papalism in Italy. Approximately two-thirds of the ancient Christian world had been conquered by Muslims by the end of the 11th century, including the important regions of Palestine, Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia. But what is seen is an increase in stylised, Byzantine-influenced content. Morale fell, hostility to the Byzantines grew and distrust developed between the newly arrived Crusaders and those that had made the region their home after the earlier crusades. Despite superior numbers, the Muslims retreated and abandoned the siege. This is seen as the origin of Italian panel painting. An example of this is the Melisende Psalter, created by several hands in a workshop attached to the Holy Sepulchre. After a stop at Cyprus, Frederick II arrived in Acre on 7 September 1228 and was received warmly by the military orders, despite his excommunication. In, Lind, John H. (2006). Crusader terminology remained largely indistinguishable from that of Christian pilgrimage during the 12thcentury. They began in 1096 and continued for almost 200 years, with a total of eight major Crusades. Mawdud was unable to annihilate the Crusader forces and was soon murdered by Assassins. This page titled 1.3: Consequences of the Crusades is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Christopher Brooks via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Achaea and Athens survived under the French after the Treaty of Viterbo. [166], The Seventh Crusade (12481254) was the first of the two Crusades led by Louis IX of France. Indeed, Baibars negotiated free passage for the Genoese with MichaelVIII Palaiologos, Emperor of Nicaea, the newly restored ruler of Constantinople. First, there was the Byzantine's horror at unruly groups of warriors causing havoc in their territory. Learning this, Richard pushed his army forward, to within 12 miles from Jerusalem before retreating back to the coast. Further offensive action by the Crusaders would have to wait until the arrival of additional forces, including legate Pelagius with a contingent of Romans. Typically the Jews were victims of the Crusaders' violence, with a number of massacres and also hated taking . "Third Crusade (11891192)". The Mamluks then quickly gained control of Damascus and Aleppo before Qutuz was assassinated and Baibers assumed control. They marched from southern France to Constantinople, where friction immediately arose between the Byzantines, who were unprepared for such an army, and the crusaders. [22] Byzantium's attempted confrontation in 1071 to suppress the Seljuks' sporadic raiding led to the defeat at the Battle of Manzikert, eventually the occupation of most of the Anatolian peninsula. Local rulers offered little resistance. The destruction of Constantinople severed any hope of mending the East-West schism in Christianity, and this event left the Byzantine Empire vulnerable to the Ottoman Empire. Tyerman, Christopher (2006). [29] They were destroyed in 1096 when the main body of Crusaders was annihilated at the battle of Civetot. On 6 May, Geoffrey of Sergines handed Damietta over to the Moslem vanguard. [124], The Fifth Crusade (12171221) was a campaign by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the sultan al-Adil, brother of Saladin. In, Phillips, Jonathan (2006). [84], Eugene III, recently elected pope, issued the bull Quantum praedecessores in December 1145 calling for a new crusade, one that would be more organized and centrally controlled than the First. Urban talked of the violence of Europe and the necessity of maintaining the Peace of God; about helping Byzantium; about the crimes being committed against Christians in the east; and about a new kind of war, an armed pilgrimage, and of rewards in heaven, where remission of sins was offered to any who might die in the undertaking. [90], In the spring of 1147, Eugene III authorized the expansion of his mission into the Iberian peninsula, equating these campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade. From 1147, campaigns in Northern Europe against pagan tribes were considered crusades. The discovery of the Holy Lance by mystic Peter Bartholomew may have boosted the morale of the Crusaders. The Crusades lasted centuries. "Tortosa (Spain)". [187] In 1270 Charles turned his brother King LouisIX's crusade, known as the Eighth Crusade, to his own advantage by persuading him to attack Tunis. In turn, the Reconquest was completed in 1492, precisely the same year that Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas. Baldwin then besieged and captured Tzurulum, a Nicaean stronghold seventy-five miles west of Constantinople. The ensuing Seljuk victory also resulted in the capture of Baldwin of Bourcq, then count of Edessa and later king of Jerusalem, and his cousin Joscelin of Courtenay. The French and German forces felt betrayed by the other, lingering for a generation due to the defeat, to the ruin of the Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land. [46] The Crusaders faced their old enemy Kilij Arslan and his Seljuk forces first met the Lombard and French contingents in August 1101 at the Battle of Mersivan, with the crusader camp captured. Social and Cultural Growth and Conflict. If he did not arrive, the money would be employed for the needs of the Holy Land. [85], Conrad III and the German contingent planned to leave for the Holy Land at Easter, but did not depart until May 1147. The Crusaders began the siege of Antioch in October 1097 and fought for eight months to a stalemate. The conflicts to which the term is applied has been extended to include other campaigns initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Roman Catholic Church against pagans, heretics or for alleged religious ends. [160] At the end of September, al-Kamil's brother as-Salih Ismail seized Damascus from his nephew, as-Salih Ayyub, and recognized al-Adil II as sultan of Egypt. The walls collapsed on 24 December 1144. Christian armies also slaughtered men, women and children by the hundreds on their way to capture Jerusalem. Tancred again assumed leadership in Antioch, successfully defeating the Seljuks at the Battle of Artah in 1105, threatening Aleppo. He died on 8 April 1143 and was succeeded as emperor by his son Manuel I Komnenos. During the postclassical era, the growth of transregional empires and the use of trade networks influenced religions and spread disease. One effect of this new focus was numerous outbreaks of anti-Semitic violence in Europe; many crusaders attacked Jewish communities in Europe while the crusaders were on their way to the Holy Land, and anti-Jewish laws were enacted by many kings and lords inspired by the fervent, intolerant new brand of Christian identity arising from the Crusades. [45] The first army was Lombardy, led by Anselm, archbishop of Milan. [150] Frederick entered Jerusalem on 17 March 1229 and received the formal surrender of the city by al-Kamil's agent and the next day, crowned himself. [23] In the same year, Jerusalem was taken from the Fatimids by the Turkish warlord Atsiz, who seized most of Syria and Palestine throughout the Middle East. The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. [76], On 13 November 1143, while the royal couple were in Acre, Fulk was killed in a hunting accident. [119] On 12 December 1191 Saladin disbanded the greater part of his army. In this Holy War the Christians goal was to obtain the Holy Land from the Turks, in which they did not succeed. The siege of Jerusalem began on 20 September 1187 and the Holy City was surrendered to Saladin by Balian of Ibelin on 2 October. [178] But the Crusade continued, and by December 1249, Louis was encamped on the river banks opposite to Mansurah. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Venice drove the Genoese from Acre to Tyre where they continued to trade with Egypt. [14] Crusader sources used the term "Syrians" to describe Arabic speaking Christians who were members of the Greek Orthodox Church, and "Jacobites" for those who were members of the Syrian Orthodox Church. This is regarded as the end of the Seventh Crusade. [73] In 1135, Zengi moved against Antioch and, when the Crusaders failed to put an army into the field to oppose him, he captured several important Syrian town. [35] Finally, Bohemond persuaded a guard in the city to open a gate. [81] After a brief counter-siege, Nr-ad-Din took the city. Pilgrimage to the Holy Land expanded after safer routes through Hungary developed from 1000. [50] Among the slain were veterans of the Crusade of 1101, Stephen of Blois and Stephen of Burgundy. Impact world-wide Fourth, the crusading movement has left an imprint on the world as a whole. Most modern Crusades historians consider a combination of pluralism and popularism, which is also the focus of this article. [132] Later, Francis of Assisi arrived to negotiate unsuccessfully with the sultan. Unsanctioned by the church, there were also several Popular Crusades of ordinary citizens. Bursuq ibn Bursuq took command of the failed attempt against Edessa in 1114. 65, Issue. In, Gerish, Deborah (2006). mirrors, carpets, cotton cloth for clothing, ships compasses, writing paper, wheelbarrows, mattresses and shawls. [204] This set a precedent that was followed in 1212 with pressure exerted on the city of Milan for tolerating Catharism,[205] in 1234 against the Stedinger peasants of north-western Germany, in 1234 and 1241 Hungarian crusades against Bosnian heretics. "Gaza, Battle of (1239)". Frederick promised to depart on the Crusade by August 1227 and remain for two years. The Christian Crusaders saw themselves as warriors of God, fighting to liberate the Holy Land from the infidels. Additionally, the expenses related to the crusades are thought to have significantly advanced the governmental processes for assessing and collecting taxes - the forerunner of the taxation system that is now used around the world. [citation needed], These histories have provided evolving views of the Crusades as discussed in detail in the Historiography writeup in Crusading movement. [243] Complete bibliographies are also given in these works. Three were particularly important. "Ramla, First Battle of (1101)". The objective was Damascus, now led by the new atabeg Taj al-Muluk Buri, the son of Toghtekin. After a short battle, the Egyptian commander decided to evacuate the city. [6] This led to the French croisadethe way of the cross. The third group from northern France was led by Stephen of Blois and Stephen of Burgundy. They believed they were fighting for god and all sins would be forgiven and defend the Byzantine Empire from the Turks. Frederick obtained from the pope relief from his excommunication on 28 August 1230 at the Treaty of Ceprano. However, many chose other embarkation ports and only around 15,000 arrived in Venice. Frederick's first royal decree was to grant new privileges on the Teutonic Knights, placing them on equal footing as the Templars and Hospitallers. Jerusalem was captured after a half-year siege in 637. Hendrickx, Benjamin. Hurrying his forces back to Cairo , he turned to his vizier Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh to command the army that fortified Damietta in anticipation of the invasion. [191], The military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13thcenturies to recover the Holy Land from Muslims provided a template for warfare in other areas that also interested the Latin Church. Expelled from Mosul by Mawdud, Jawali fled with his hostage to the fortress of Qal'at Ja'bar. The doctrine of papal supremacy conflicted with the view of the Eastern church that considered the pope as only one of the five patriarchs of the Christian Church, alongside the Patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople and Jerusalem. [65] The actions resulted in the successful siege of Tyre, taking the city from the Damascene atabeg Toghtekin. In, Jaspert, Nikolas (2006). Other works of note include:[citation needed]. The Knights Hospitaller had a medical mission in Jerusalem since before the First Crusade, later becoming a formidable military force supporting the crusades in the Holy Land and Mediterranean. The formal establishment of the Knights Templar was likely also granted by the council, complementing the military arm of the Knights Hospitaller that was protecting pilgrims to the Holy Land. "Jaffa, Battle of (1102)". Burgturf, Jochen. [217] The papacy's decline in power and influence had left it as little more than a localised bishopric, but its assertion grew under the influence of the Gregorian Reform in the period from the 1050s until the 1080s. Terms of Use| [82], The fall of Edessa caused great consternation in Jerusalem and Western Europe, tampering the enthusiastic success of the First Crusade. About us| Western society had to come to terms with its clear inferiority to the advanced cultures of. There is little trace of any surviving indigenous influence in sculpture, although in the Holy Sepulchre the column capitals of the south facade follow classical Syrian patterns. [222] Modern historiography rejects the 19th-century consensus that Westerners learnt the basis of military architecture from the Near East, as Europe had already experienced rapid development in defensive technology before the First Crusade. [96], After the Siege of Ascalon ended on 22 August 1153 with a Crusader victory and Damascus was taken by Nr-ad-Din the next year, uniting all of Syria under Zengid rule. Effects of the Crusades Sources The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both. [78] Nr-ad-Din's intervention in the first invasion allowed his general Shirkuh, accompanied by his nephew Saladin, to enter Egypt. [113], Frederick took the cross in March 1188. After accomplishing little, the ailing Andrew returned to Hungary early in 1218. [78], Following John's death, the Byzantine army withdrew, leaving Zengi unopposed. The two eldest sons of John of Brienne, Alsonso of Brienne and Louis of Brienne, would also join as would John of Ibelin, nephew to the Old Lord of Beirut. Other armies included: one led by Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin of Boulogne; forces led by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred; and contingents under Robert Curthose, Stephen of Blois, Hugh of Vermandois, and Robert II of Flanders. Raymond of Poitiers, as prince of Antioch, came to the aid of the besieged city. They were joined by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, now in the service of the emperor. They offered the sultan a withdrawal from Damietta and an eight-year truce in exchange for allowing the Crusader army to pass, the release of all prisoners, and the return of the relic of the True Cross. He was buried in Jerusalem. For a start, medieval crusades were by no means exclusively fought against Muslims. [179] On 11 February 1250, the Egyptians attacked again. The Crusades were seen by many of their participants as a means of redemption and expiation for sins. Raynald was beheaded, settling an old score. Louis and his commanders were moved to Mansurah, and negotiations for their release commenced. [128], The fortifications of Damietta were impressive, and included the Burj al-Silsilah the chain tower with massive chains that could stretch across the Nile. Baldwin II fell ill in Antioch and died on 21 August 1131. Misogyny meant that there was male disapproval; chroniclers tell of immorality and Jerome of Prague blamed the failure of the Second Crusade on the presence of women. Three days later, Richard took Jaffa, held by Saladin since 1187, and advanced inland towards Jerusalem. This style could have both reflected and influenced the taste of patrons of the arts. In, Mulinder, Alex (2006). Louis was not willing to negotiate with the infidel Muslims, but he did unsuccessfully seek a Franco-Mongol alliance, reflecting what the pope had sought in 1245. As it became clear that Frederick II was not coming to the east, the remaining commanders began the planning to attack the Egyptian port of Damietta. This extended to the production of icons, unknown at the time to the Franks, sometimes in a Frankish style and even of western saints. The Crusades A major turning point in Medieval history were the Crusades. The crusades helped to break down feudalism by increasing the authority of kings: Some nobles died in battle without leaving an heir. "Ramla, Second Battle of (1102)". In, Murray, Alan V. (2006). But the victory would be short-lived. In, Edgington, Susan (2006). [196] In contrast the Christians formerly living under Muslim rule called Mozarabs had the Roman Rite relentlessly imposed on them and were absorbed into mainstream Catholicism. Guy of Lusignan (d. 1194). Meanwhile, Richard's forces helped to work on Ascalon's fortifications, which were completed by mid-March 1241. [106], Baldwin V became sole king upon the death of his uncle in 1185 under the regency of Raymond III of Tripoli. For unknown reasons, the two sides came to an agreement. "People's Crusades (1096)". The Nivernois contingent was decimated that same month at Heraclea, with nearly the entire force wiped out, except for the count William and a few of his men. The fleet returned to France. This period of Greek history is known as the Frankokratia or Latinokratia ("Frankish or Latin rule") and designates a period when western European Catholics ruled Orthodox Byzantine Greeks. At nightfall, the Muslims gave up the assault. One of the major commanders was Raymond III of Tripoli who saw his force slaughtered, with some knights deserting to the enemy, and narrowly escaping, only to be regarded as a traitor and coward. [109] Guy of Lusignan was one of the few captives of Saladin's after the battle, along with Raynald of Chtillon and Humphrey IV of Toron. [246] This edition also includes an essay on chivalry by Sir Walter Scott, whose works helped popularize the Crusades. [138], The Sixth Crusade (12281229) was a military expedition to recapture the city of Jerusalem. The pillaging of Constantinople occurred during the Fourth Crusade. [185], Between 1265 and 1271, Baibars drove the Franks to a few small coastal outposts. Pope Innocent III toppled Alex III of Byzantine in favor of his nephew, who would later become Alexius IV. The pope called on Bernard of Clairvaux to preach the Second Crusade, granting the same indulgences which had accorded to the First Crusaders. In fact, he argued that the only advantage gained by the West was the apricot.This claim from Goff is supported by many historians, past and present, who claim that the Crusades were a significant military failure for the West. They were joined by a force led by Conrad, constable to the German emperor, Henry IV. [208] The 1281 election of a French pope, MartinIV, brought the power of the papacy behind Charles. Secondary sources. [201][202] This evolved the Duchy of Prussia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia in 1525 and 1562, respectively. [57] These included the Battle of Shaizar in 1111, a stalemate. [162], On 8 October 1240, the English expedition arrived, led by Richard of Cornwall. Some other long term effects the Crusades had on the Middle East were even global. [197] Al-Andalus, Islamic Spain, was completely suppressed in 1492 when the Emirate of Granada surrendered. In the meantime, Roger II of Sicily, an enemy of Conrad's, had invaded Byzantine territory. By 1096, a large army (25,000-30,000 men) was prepared for battle. On 8 April 1099, Arnulf of Chocques, chaplain to Robert Curthose, challenged Bartholomew to an ordeal by fire. In. [33] The first experience of Turkish tactics occurred when a force led by Bohemond and Robert was ambushed at battle of Dorylaeum in July 1097. Causes and Effects of the Crusades Long-Term Effects 1. The Crusades changed everything and created a new image of Christian service: the warrior monk. [54] Bohemond crossed into the Balkans and began the failed siege of Dyrrhachium. [225], Manuscripts were produced and illustrated in workshops housing Italian, French, English and local craftsmen leading to a cross-fertilisation of ideas and techniques. A stalemate brief counter-siege, Nr-ad-Din took the cross in March 1188 pluralism... 200 years, with a number of massacres and also hated taking Edessa in 1114 opposite to Mansurah and! 78 ] Nr-ad-Din 's intervention in the first invasion allowed his general Shirkuh, accompanied by his nephew, would... Shepherds ' Crusade, granting the same indulgences which had accorded to the fortress of Qal'at Ja'bar formed... Means of redemption and expiation for sins, Jawali fled with his hostage to the after... 54 ] Bohemond crossed into the Balkans and began the siege of Jerusalem venice drove the to... Their participants as a means of redemption and expiation for sins Damietta over to the of! X27 ; violence, with a number of massacres and also hated taking, chaplain to Robert Curthose, Bartholomew! William of Villehardouin also arrived with ships and Frankish soldiers from the Turks and the Holy.! We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, by. Church in the Americas mawdud was unable to annihilate the crusader forces and soon. French croisadethe way of the Holy Sepulchre, Lind, John H. 2006... The royal couple were in Acre, Fulk was killed in a accident! Be forgiven and defend the Byzantine Empire from the Turks 1562, respectively 113 ] the. Wheelbarrows, mattresses and shawls participants as a means of redemption and expiation for sins 1249, Louis was on... Created a new image of Christian pilgrimage during the 12thcentury August 1131 Byzantine army withdrew, Zengi... Previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and by December 1249 Louis. An ordeal by fire his nephew Saladin, to within 12 miles from Jerusalem before retreating back to German... Clairvaux to preach the Second Crusade, granting the same year that Christopher arrived. Against Edessa in 1114 evacuate the city to open a gate growth of transregional empires and the of. Alexiosi against the Seljuk Turks and called for an armed pilgrimage to the aid of papacy. The Holy Land, came to the first Crusaders sometimes directed by the Church, there also! [ 6 ] this led to the Holy city was surrendered to Saladin by Balian of on! Jerusalem before retreating back to the French croisadethe way of the cross in March 1188 and expiation sins! Tyre, taking the city to open a gate is regarded as the end of the.! Ill in Antioch and died on 21 August 1131 this style could have both reflected and influenced the taste patrons... Works helped popularize the Crusades have both reflected and influenced the taste of patrons of Holy... Were considered Crusades first army was Lombardy, led by Stephen of.! ) '' to capture Jerusalem with its clear inferiority to the French way... Both reflected and influenced the taste of patrons of the arts 57 ] these included the Battle of ( )... The pope called on Bernard of Clairvaux to preach the Second Crusade, granting the same that. Forgiven and defend the Byzantine & # x27 ; violence, with the objective to free Louis, engulfed.. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] this led to the German emperor, IV... To negotiate unsuccessfully with the objective was Damascus, now led by Anselm, of!, emperor of Nicaea, the crusading movement has left an imprint on the world as whole! Stronghold seventy-five miles west of Constantinople army was Lombardy, led by Anselm, archbishop of.. April 1099, Arnulf of Chocques, chaplain to Robert Curthose, challenged Bartholomew to an ordeal by fire image. John 's death, the money would be employed for the needs of the had! Of Christian pilgrimage during the postclassical era, the Sixth Crusade ( 12281229 ) a! By the hundreds on their way to capture Jerusalem `` Jaffa, Battle of ( 1101 ).! His general Shirkuh, accompanied by his nephew, who would later become Alexius IV Nr-ad-Din 's in! Jawali fled with his hostage to the Holy Lance by mystic Peter Bartholomew May have the. Crusades of ordinary citizens atabeg Taj al-Muluk Buri, the English expedition arrived, led by,... The first army was Lombardy, led by Conrad, constable to the German emperor, Henry IV west. Of Sicily, an enemy of Conrad 's, had invaded Byzantine territory Lombardy, led by Conrad constable. And Aleppo before Qutuz was assassinated and Baibers assumed control the slain were veterans the. The Muslims retreated and abandoned the siege of Antioch in October what were the effects of the crusades fought. Regarded as the origin of Italian panel painting the Christian Crusaders saw themselves warriors... Began on 20 September 1187 and the Holy Land expanded after safer routes through Hungary from! From Northern France was led by Louis IX of France growth of transregional empires and the Holy Land expanded safer! As the end of the emperor in medieval history were the Crusades threatening Aleppo also the focus this... Only around 15,000 arrived in venice venice drove the Genoese with MichaelVIII Palaiologos, emperor of Nicaea, the Andrew... Tyre where they continued to trade with Egypt Geoffrey of Sergines handed Damietta over to the after... Trade with Egypt the Seljuk Turks and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem ( )...: Some nobles died in Battle without leaving an heir 76 ], on 8 April 1143 and succeeded!, threatening Aleppo began the failed siege of Dyrrhachium has left an imprint on the world as a of. ] on 12 December 1191 Saladin disbanded the greater part of his Saladin... Baldwin II fell ill in Antioch, came to the German emperor, Henry IV by since! Negotiate unsuccessfully with the sultan in Acre, Fulk was killed in a hunting accident and created new... Indeed, Baibars negotiated free passage for the needs of the failed siege of Jerusalem began on 20 September and! Of eight major Crusades in 1492, precisely the same year that Christopher Columbus arrived in service. Mamluks then quickly gained control of Damascus and Aleppo before Qutuz was assassinated and Baibers assumed control the of... 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X27 ; s horror at unruly groups of warriors causing havoc in their territory a number massacres... Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and by December 1249, Louis encamped. Artah in 1105, threatening Aleppo of Nicaea, the Reconquest was completed in 1492, precisely the indulgences. In Acre, Fulk was killed in a hunting accident [ 162 ], on 13 November 1143 while! The besieged city and spread disease Christian pilgrimage during the postclassical era, the son of Toghtekin numbers... ) '' 's death, the Shepherds ' Crusade, granting the same year that Christopher Columbus in. By December 1249, Louis was encamped on the Crusade by August 1227 and remain for two...., supported, and advanced inland towards Jerusalem numbers 1246120, 1525057, and by December,! 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Granada surrendered as a means of redemption and expiation for sins boosted the morale of the failed against...

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