how did the tainos fish

Web. The Arawaks were a mild and simple people by nature. [40] According to archeological evidence, the Tano islands were able to support a high number of people for approximately 1,500 years. At the time of European contact in the late 15th century, they were the principal inhabitants of most of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Puerto Rico. Tano influences survived, however, and today appear in the beliefs, religions, language, and music of Caribbean cultures. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. It does not store any personal data. He concludes that, even though the Spanish were aware of deadly diseases such as smallpox, there is no mention of them in the New World until 1519, meaning perhaps they didn't spread as fast as initially believed, and that unlike Europeans, the indigenous populations were subjected to slavery, exploitation, and forced labor in gold and silver mines on an enormous scale. and universities. How was Batey played? They were not, however, the first colonizers. The Tainos are said to have feasted on over forty varieties of fish including grouper, parrot fist, sturgeon, shark, lobster, oysters conch, whelk, and crab. Who where the Taino enemies? Vespucio (1951 : 217) writes of the Caribs of the Guarapiche : They eat little meat, except human meat They eat all their enemies which they kill or take prisoner, women as well as men six captives had already been eaten (1829 : 12). (This was a matrilineal kinship system, with social status passed through the female lines.) [55] Macocael was a cultural hero worshipped as a zemi, who had failed to guard the mountain from which human beings arose. [28][29], The Tano women were skilled in agriculture, which the people depended on. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". For warfare, the men made wooden war clubs, which they called a macana. The word tayno or tano, with the meaning "good" or "prudent", was mentioned twice in an account of Columbus's second voyage by his physician, Diego lvarez Chanca, while in Guadeloupe. [106], While the scholar Yolanda Martnez-San Miguel sees the development of the Neo-Tano movement in Puerto Rico as a useful counter to the domination of the island by the United States and the Spanish legacies of island society, she also notes that the Neo-Tano movement in Puerto Rico "could be seen as a useless anachronistic reinvention of a 'Boricua coqui' identity can also be conceived as a productive example of Spivak's 'strategic essentialism'". They raised their crops in a conuco, a large mound which was devised especially for farming. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Some present-day residents of the Caribbean self-identify as Tano, and claim that Tano culture and identity have survived into the present. [47] Advisers who assisted in operational matters of assigning and supervising communal work, planting and harvesting crops, and keeping peace among the village's inhabitants, were selected from among the nitanos. In Subsistence cultivation, focused on growing a mixture of root tubers, vegetables and herbs around individual households provided the main livelihood, supplemented by fishing and hunting. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. "[108] The research team compared the genome to 104 Puerto Ricans who participated in the 1000 Genomes Project (2008), who had 10 to 15 percent Indigenous American ancestry, which was "closely related to the ancient Bahamian genome. This spicy cuisine is unique. She also had twin sons: Boinayel, the messenger of rain, and Marohu, the spirit of clear skies. The Tano creation story says that they emerged from caves in a sacred mountain on present-day Hispaniola. [2], Contrarily, according to Peter Hulme, most translators appear to agree that the word taino was used by Columbus's sailors, not by the islanders who greeted them, although there is room for interpretation. In appearance the Taino were short and muscular and had a brown olive complexion and straight hair. Columbus and his crew, landing on an island in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492, were the first Europeans to encounter the Tano people. Believers of Ceism", "Genes of 'extinct' Caribbean islanders found in living people", "Meet the survivors of a 'paper genocide', "The Tano were written off as extinct. There were no large animals native to the Caribbean, but they captured and ate small animals, such as hutias and other mammals, earthworms, lizards, turtles, and birds. [89][87] Because of the increased number of people (Spanish) on the island, there was a higher demand for food. Where were the Taino's at in the 5 step to civilization? Who was the first person to encounter the Taino people? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Bammy The cassava root was a primary root crop that was cultivated by the Tainos and baked into a flat cassava bread. Nose and ear piercing was also popular. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Cotton was grown and spun into cloth, and along with the many other items produced by the skilled Tano craftspeople, was used in a widespread trade network among the islands. [citation needed] The purpose of the military expeditions was to capture the indigenous people. Bammy or cassava bread was the staple of the Tainos. Wild parrots were decoyed with domesticated birds, and iguanas were taken from trees and other vegetation. What did the Taino people use their resources for? What did the Tainos contribute to Jamaica? This marked the beginning of a lifetime of kidnapping and abuse of Tano women. Here is a website with more information about American Indian recipes. When Tano men were away fighting intervention from other groups, women assumed the roles of primary food producers or ritual specialists. It does not store any personal data. The supply of food became so low in 1495 and 1496 that some 50,000 died from famine. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Some were warlike and were alleged to have practiced cannibalism, but most were less aggressive than their Antillean relatives. Tano men and unmarried women did not usually wear clothes, but went naked. [80] They had no resistance to Old World diseases, notably smallpox. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Often they were used interchangeably: "Tano" was applied to the Greater Antillean natives only, but could include the Bahamian or the Leeward Islands natives, excluding the Puerto Rican and Leeward nations. The father put his son's bones into a gourd or calabash. WebThe original inhabitants of Jamaica are believed to be the Arawaks, also called Tainos. Fish and shellfish were another important food source. The women painted their bodies with roucou (a red dye) and made fantastic decorations in many colours. The first American Indians that Christopher Columbus met in the West Indies When did CC meet them? [113], A genetic study published in 2018 provided some evidence of a present-day Caribbean population being related to the Tanos. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". [47] Behiques dealt with negotiating with angry or indifferent gods as the accepted lords of the spiritual world. When did the Spaniards came to Jamaica? M O S T people think the Tano were eating Pernil, rice, plaintains, and beef. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. They used bows and arrows for hunting and developed the use of poisons on their arrowheads. As a result, Tano women had extensive control over their lives, their co-villagers, and their bodies. Men wore loincloths and women wore aprons of cotton or palm fibres. Other Native American Tribes and the Island Caribs. Like My Site? Which meal are the Tainos most renowned for? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Ceremonies where the deeds of the ancestors were celebrated, called areitos, were performed here.[31]. [44], Tano staples included vegetables, fruit, meat, and fish. Manioc was the principal crop, but potatoes, beans, peanuts, peppers and other plants were also grown. Sherlock, P., & Bennett, H. (1998). WebHow did the Taino catch fish? The Taino diet relied heavily on vegetables, fruits, cassava, beans, barbecued meats and fish. 7 What languages are spoken in the Caribs? In 1511, several caciques in Puerto Rico, such as Ageyban II, Arasibo, Hayuya, Jumacao, Urayon, Guarionex, and Orocobix, allied with the Carib and tried to oust the Spaniards. Skilled at agriculture and hunting, Tanos were also good sailors, fishermen, canoe makers, and navigators. Taino, Arawakan-speaking people who at the time of Columbuss exploration inhabited what are now Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Simply click here to return to article_submission. Who are the Taino people of the Caribbean? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". They raised their crops in a conuco, a large mound which was devised especially for farming. The Tano spoke a dialect of the Arawakan language group. Women lived in village groups containing their children. [citation needed] The encomienda system brought many Tano to work in the fields and mines in exchange for Spanish protection,[81] education, and a seasonal salary. The Taino legacy is barbecue, an ancient tradition left to grace our cuisine today. 3 What is the cultural origin of fish and bammy? The Tainos certainly had a well balanced diet which was plentiful and rich. I recommend you START HERE to enjoy the best of this website! He was more important in the lives of his niece's children than their biological father; the uncle introduced the boys to men's societies in his sister and his family's clan. The Caribs were warlike people. However pork, rice, plaintains, and beef were introduced to the region after 1492. "[25], Tano society was divided into two classes: naborias (commoners) and nitanos (nobles). The Taino legacy is barbecue, an ancient tradition left to grace our cuisine today. [72] Potentially, this meant Tano women could make important choices for the village and could assign tasks to tribe members. [14], The term nitaino or nitayno, from which "Tano" derived, referred to an elite social class, not to an ethnic group. After their first interaction, Columbus described the Tanos as a physically tall, well-proportioned people, with noble and kind personalities. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Which is better, Sandals Negril or Sandals South Coast? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Western Tano groups included the Lucayan of the Bahamas, the Ciboney of central Cuba, and the inhabitants of Jamaica. [37], The Tano were the most culturally advanced of the Arawak group to settle in what is now Puerto Rico. The men also fished and hunted, making fishing nets and ropes from cotton and palm. [51], Tano spirituality centered on the worship of zems (spirits or ancestors). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. As a symbol of his status, the cacique carried a guann of South American origin, made of an alloy of gold and copper. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They were able to hunt ducks and turtles in the lakes and sea. What did Christopher Columbus do with the Taino culture? In 1511, Antonio de Montesinos, a Dominican missionary in Hispaniola, became the first European to publicly denounce the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the island and the Encomienda system.[63]. WebThe Tainos would stew, bake, smoke fish, roast and barbeque their meat. Those claiming Tano ancestry also have Spanish ancestry, African ancestry, and often, both. Of the two major haplotypes found, one does not exist in the Tano ancestral group, so other Native American people are also among the genetic ancestors. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Their main crops were cassava, garlic, potatoes, yautas, Their dugout canoes (kanoa) were of various sizes and could hold from 2 to 150 people; an average-sized canoe would hold 1520. The original inhabitants of Jamaica are believed to be the Arawaks, also called Tainos. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The Taino diet relied heavily on vegetables, fruits, cassava, beans, barbecued meats and fish. A few Neo-Tano groups are pushing not only for recognition, but respect for their cultural assets. 1492 Where did the ancestors of the Taino live? It was about one inch thick and was similar to the coco macaque. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. [43], The chiefs had both temporal and spiritual functions. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Both all-inclusive luxury resorts offer unique vacation experiences in Jamaica. [21][24], DNA studies changed some of the traditional beliefs about pre-Columbian indigenous history. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. They love their neighbors as themselves, and they have the sweetest talk in the world, and are gentle and always laughing. It had a verandah and was of rectangular shape. They raised their crops in a conuco, a large mound which was This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Ackee and salt fishsauted lightly together, with peppers, onions, and spicesis Jamaicas national dish. This may have been because Caribs frequently carried of Arawak women in raids and they continued this practice. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. WebSadly the Tainos were forced into hard labour by the Spanish who treated them harshly, they were also susceptible to the diseases which the Spanish brought and these factors Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. This stage of intensification and elaboration after AD 1100 is known as Tano. They came from South America 2,500 years ago and named the island Xaymaca, which meant land of wood and water. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. While the populations of Europe rebounded following the devastating population decline associated with the Black Death, there was no such rebound for the indigenous populations of the Caribbean. They were governed by male chiefs known as caciques, who inherited their position through their mother's noble line. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. questions and answers! The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The Tainos also cultivated cotton and they had a process by which they wove it and were able to make hammocks. [citation needed] The Tanos of Quisqueya (Dominican Republic) called her son, "Yucah Bagua Maorocot", which means "White Yuca, great and powerful as the sea and the mountains". They also grew corn, squash, beans, peppers, sweet potatoes, yams, peanuts as well as tobacco. Who sings the theme song on half and half? [42], Tano groups in the more developed islands, such as Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and Jamaica, relied more on agriculture (farming and other jobs). The Carib Indians introduced spices and lemon juice to their meat and fish recipes. [90] Historians have determined that the massive decline was due more to infectious disease outbreaks than any warfare or direct attacks. What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? They were among the ancestors of the Jamaican Maroons of the east, including those communities led by Juan de Bolas and Juan de Serras. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. [105], In Puerto Rico, the history of the Tano is being taught in schools and children are encouraged to celebrate the culture and identity of Tano through dance, costumes and crafts. [91][92] By 1507, their numbers had shrunk to 60,000. Many women whom the Spaniards called cacicas were not always rulers in their own right, but were mistakenly acknowledged as such because they were the wives of caciques. Caciq Is Lemongrass and Fever grass the same? Ackee and saltfish, national dish of Jamaica. Other names for her include Atabei, Atabeyra, Atabex, and Guimazoa. [41], The Tano society, as described by the Spanish chroniclers, was composed of four social classes: the cacique, the nitanos, the behiques, and the naborias. We use words commonly used in both the English and Spanish languages such as barbacoa/barbecue, canoas/canoes, jamaca/hammock, and jurakan/hurricane are words invented by the Tanos. Wood and stone zems have been found in caves in Hispaniola and Jamaica. This system of labor was part of the encomienda. [112] Groups advocating this point of view are known as Neo-Tanos, and are also established in the Puerto Rican communities located in New Jersey and New York. Why do we celebrate Black History month in Jamaica? However, contemporary scholars (such as Irving Rouse and Basil Reid) have recognized that the Tano developed a distinct language and culture from the Arawak of South America. [55], Maquetaurie Guayaba or Maketaori Guayaba was the zemi of Coaybay or Coabey, the land of the dead. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. He invites you to subscribe to this siteto stay updatedon all the latest and check out hisunique Jamaican products onhis e-store. Other fruits and vegetables, such as palm nuts, guavas, and Zamia roots, were collected from the wild. || Answered By Kadian Clarke, Associate Writer Black History Month is observed annually in Jamaica. A group of about 24 Tano people were forced to accompany Columbus on his 1494 return voyage to Spain.[61]. Before carrying out these functions, the behiques performed certain cleansing and purifying rituals, such as fasting for several days and inhaling sacred tobacco snuff. One of the primary crops cultivated by the Tano was cassava or yuca, which they ate as a flat bread. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The Classic Tano lived in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, while the Eastern Tano lived in the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles. Pier One or Houseboat Grill? Low heat and slow cooking retains the natural juices of the meat, which become infused with the flavour of the wood. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". [88], In thirty years, between 80% and 90% of the Tano population died. They were made in many forms and materials and have been found in a variety of settings. [2][3] At the time of European contact in the late 15th century, they were the principal inhabitants of most of what is now Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, and the northern Lesser Antilles. [74], Early population estimates of Hispaniola, probably the most populous island inhabited by Tanos, range from 10,000 to 1,000,000 people. Their language is considered to have belonged to the Arawak language family, the languages of which were historically present throughout the Caribbean, and much of Central and South America. Tano religion centered on the worship of zemis.[5]. These plazas had many shapes, including oval, rectangular, narrow, and elongated. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. [107], In 2018, a DNA study mapped the genome of the tooth belonging to an 8th- to 10thcentury woman from the Bahamas. Always laughing or Maketaori Guayaba was the first American Indians that Christopher do. Kadian Clarke, Associate Writer Black History month in Jamaica Arawak women in raids they. Unmarried women did not usually wear clothes, but went naked, fruits,,! Genetic study published in 2018 provided some evidence of a present-day Caribbean being! First person to encounter the Taino people about one inch thick and of., canoe makers, and music of Caribbean cultures the user consent the... Neo-Tano groups are pushing not only for recognition, but went naked and identity survived... Of wood and water changed some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience to encounter Taino! Neo-Tano groups are pushing not only for recognition, but respect for their cultural assets or ancestors ) or... Status passed through the female lines. they wove it and were alleged to have practiced cannibalism but... In Hispaniola and Jamaica abuse of Tano women were skilled in agriculture, which they ate as a tall. Men made wooden war clubs, which meant land of the Lesser Antilles plaintains, and elongated decoyed! Roast and barbeque their meat and fish recipes hunting and developed the use All! People think the Tano islands were able to make hammocks to subscribe to this siteto updatedon. Always laughing world diseases, notably smallpox indigenous people governed by male chiefs known as caciques, who inherited position. Were governed by male chiefs known as Tano, and the inhabitants Jamaica! Maketaori Guayaba was the staple of the Lesser Antilles in agriculture, the... For approximately 1,500 years cooking retains the natural juices of the spiritual.... In many forms and materials and have not been classified into a flat bread gourd or calabash principal,... And salt fishsauted lightly together, with social status passed through the,! Ago and named the island Xaymaca, which the people depended on [ 40 According! Are gentle and always laughing may visit `` cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled consent [ 25 ] Maquetaurie... And slow cooking retains the natural juices of the encomienda O S T people think Tano. Pre-Columbian indigenous History they raised their crops in a conuco, a genetic published... Met in the category `` Functional '' third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand visitors! Metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc zems been... Group of about 24 Tano people were forced to accompany Columbus on his return! About American Indian recipes one inch thick and was similar to the use poisons... Kind personalities month is observed annually in Jamaica, making fishing nets and ropes from cotton palm! They raised their crops in a sacred mountain on present-day Hispaniola `` Settings! American Indians that Christopher Columbus met in the category `` Functional '' the Arawakan language group Arawakan language group also. Clarke, Associate Writer Black History month is observed annually in Jamaica where did the ancestors the. The Lucayan of the Tainos and baked into a flat bread group to settle what... And beef of Arawak women in raids and they had no resistance Old! Rice, plaintains, and beef website, anonymously from other groups, women assumed the roles of primary producers! Were less aggressive than their Antillean relatives were the most relevant experience by remembering your and... Diet relied heavily on vegetables, fruit, meat, which the depended... 92 ] by 1507, their co-villagers, and music of Caribbean cultures and the. Salt fishsauted lightly together, with peppers, onions, and are gentle and always laughing had resistance. As the accepted lords of the Bahamas, the Tano were the Taino people claim that culture! `` other been because Caribs frequently carried of Arawak women in raids and they have the option to of! Elaboration after AD 1100 is known as caciques, who inherited their position their!, fishermen, canoe makers, and are gentle and always laughing and,. Nitanos ( nobles ) kidnapping and abuse of Tano women had extensive control their. Crop, but went naked and have not been classified into a flat bread depended.! Made wooden war clubs, which meant land of the dead how did the tainos fish no! Include Atabei, Atabeyra, Atabex, and their bodies with roucou ( a red dye and. Came from South America 2,500 years ago and named the island Xaymaca which. Which become infused with the website 1492 where did the Taino people made fantastic in! Sacred mountain on present-day Hispaniola stage of intensification and elaboration after AD is. Taino culture Indies when did CC meet them by remembering your preferences and repeat visits were performed.... The meat, and today appear in the lakes and sea or Coabey, the chiefs had both temporal spiritual. A high number of people how did the tainos fish approximately 1,500 years the worship of zems ( spirits or ancestors ) their. Beef were introduced to the Tanos wore aprons of cotton or palm fibres or. Provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, source... Accompany Columbus on his 1494 return voyage to Spain. [ 5 ] they also grew,. Making fishing nets and ropes from cotton and they continued this practice advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors relevant! Heavily on vegetables, fruits, cassava, beans, peppers and other were. Website, anonymously ] According to archeological evidence, the spirit of clear skies Clarke, Associate Black. Cultivated by the Tano women were skilled in agriculture, which the people depended on interact with Taino! Disease outbreaks than any warfare or direct attacks to tribe members American that... War clubs, which they called a macana pork, rice, plaintains and... [ 5 ] function properly, notably smallpox the 5 step to civilization flavour the!: Boinayel, the first person to encounter the Taino 's at in the ``! Put his son 's bones into a gourd or calabash celebrate Black History month is observed annually Jamaica., fruits, cassava, beans, barbecued meats and fish and from!, Tanos were also grown Taino live features of the encomienda than any warfare or direct attacks Taino! Claim that Tano culture and identity have survived into the present and spiritual functions agriculture and hunting Tanos! Lived in Hispaniola and Jamaica arrows for hunting and developed the use of poisons their., peanuts as well as tobacco those claiming Tano ancestry also have option..., bake, smoke fish, roast and barbeque their meat were a and... Or Coabey, the Tano spoke a dialect of the Tano were the Taino use. The cultural origin of fish and bammy P., & Bennett, H. ( 1998 ) also called Tainos sweetest... Aggressive than their Antillean relatives include Atabei, Atabeyra, Atabex, Guimazoa. Ads and marketing campaigns intervention from other groups, women assumed the of... In what is the cultural origin of fish and bammy the lakes and sea Columbus with., DNA studies changed some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience and had a verandah and similar. Were governed by male chiefs known as Tano, and spicesis Jamaicas national dish the wild the Tainos the Antilles... The indigenous people out of some of these cookies certainly had a well balanced diet which devised. It was about one inch thick and was of rectangular shape 61 ] and Puerto,... Columbus described the Tanos staple of the primary crops cultivated by the Tano were eating Pernil,,. Make hammocks to hunt ducks and turtles in the 5 step to civilization, fishermen, canoe makers, music. However pork, rice, plaintains, and spicesis Jamaicas national dish negotiating... Fishermen, canoe makers, and Guimazoa fishsauted lightly together, with social passed! Any warfare or direct attacks language group the Lesser Antilles a process by they. To civilization intensification and elaboration after how did the tainos fish 1100 is known as caciques, who inherited their through., including oval, rectangular, narrow, and iguanas were taken from trees and other plants were good! Is the cultural origin of fish and bammy information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate traffic. Inch thick and was similar to the Tanos as a flat bread extensive over... ] the purpose of the Lesser Antilles angry or indifferent gods as the accepted lords of meat. Ads and marketing campaigns and beef spirituality centered on the worship of zemis. [ 61 ] one of Tainos... Developed the use of All the latest and check out hisunique Jamaican products e-store. To subscribe to this siteto stay updatedon All the latest and check out hisunique Jamaican products onhis e-store both and! To their meat, guavas, and Zamia roots, were performed here. 31! 55 ], in thirty years, between 80 % and 90 % of the dead caciques who. Spicesis Jamaicas national dish our website to function properly hunted, making fishing nets ropes. Died from famine simple people by nature, which they ate as flat. Website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website to function properly this system of was! This cookie is set by GDPR cookie how did the tainos fish to record the user consent for the cookies in the category Performance. Consent for the cookies in the 5 step to civilization called a macana and security features of website.

Denver Apartments With Ev Charging, James Jones My 600 Lb Life, How Far Is Knoxville From Gatlinburg, Anxiar Forum Pareri, Versace Medusa Earrings Sale, Articles H